Definition:
Renal failure is failure of renal excretory function due to decreased glomerular filtration rate and may be accompanied by failure of:
· EPO production
· Vitamin D hydroxylation
· Regulation of acid-base
· Regulation of salt-water balance and blood pressure
Acute renal failure is abrupt deterioration of this function and may be reversible.
It leads to uraemia and/or oliguria and is life-threatening due to the subsequent biochemical malfunctions.
Sources: Kumar and Clarke
From Angela
Monday 23 April 2007
Monday 16 April 2007
Thursday 12 April 2007
Katie Says:
Causes of sleep apnoea:
During sleep the activity of the respiratory muscles is reduced, especially during REM* sleep. During this time the diaphragm can be the only muscle to maintain respiration. Particularly because of reduced muscle tone during sleep, obstructive sleep apnoea occurs because the airway at the back of the throat is sucked closed more easily, creating narrowing of the airway that can result in snoring. Usually people with obstructive sleep apnoea have an airway that is more narrow than normal.
*REM stands for 'rapid eye movement'. It is a stage of sleep that is characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low muscle tone. It occupies around 25% of sleep and we might have 4 or 5 periods of REM during one night.
Particular parts of the throat can cause trouble and increase risk:
Enlarged tonsils- eg tonsillitis
pharangeal soft tissue changes in **acromegaly or hypothyroidism
nasal obstruction- nasal deformities, rhinitis, polyps, adenoids
large tongue
normally narrow airway- eg obesity
certain shapes of palate and jaw
large neck
**Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone
Lifestyle factors that make obstructive sleep apnoea worse:
overweight with lack of exercise contributing to this
COPD , for example as a consequence of smoking or occupational dust
sleeping on one's side instead of the back can make obstructive sleep apnoea worse in some people
Consumption of alcohol and sedatives before bedtime can reduce muscle tone due to a 'dampening effect' in the Central Nervous System, particularly within the respiratory centre in the Medulla
References:
Medline Plus Encyclopedia, "sleep apnoea"
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000811.htm
http://www.entcolumbia.org/osa.htm
Kumar and Clark, "obstructive sleep apnoea"
Talley and O'conner, "apnoea"
Causes of sleep apnoea:
During sleep the activity of the respiratory muscles is reduced, especially during REM* sleep. During this time the diaphragm can be the only muscle to maintain respiration. Particularly because of reduced muscle tone during sleep, obstructive sleep apnoea occurs because the airway at the back of the throat is sucked closed more easily, creating narrowing of the airway that can result in snoring. Usually people with obstructive sleep apnoea have an airway that is more narrow than normal.
*REM stands for 'rapid eye movement'. It is a stage of sleep that is characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low muscle tone. It occupies around 25% of sleep and we might have 4 or 5 periods of REM during one night.
Particular parts of the throat can cause trouble and increase risk:
Enlarged tonsils- eg tonsillitis
pharangeal soft tissue changes in **acromegaly or hypothyroidism
nasal obstruction- nasal deformities, rhinitis, polyps, adenoids
large tongue
normally narrow airway- eg obesity
certain shapes of palate and jaw
large neck
**Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone
Lifestyle factors that make obstructive sleep apnoea worse:
overweight with lack of exercise contributing to this
COPD , for example as a consequence of smoking or occupational dust
sleeping on one's side instead of the back can make obstructive sleep apnoea worse in some people
Consumption of alcohol and sedatives before bedtime can reduce muscle tone due to a 'dampening effect' in the Central Nervous System, particularly within the respiratory centre in the Medulla
References:
Medline Plus Encyclopedia, "sleep apnoea"
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000811.htm
http://www.entcolumbia.org/osa.htm
Kumar and Clark, "obstructive sleep apnoea"
Talley and O'conner, "apnoea"
Monday 9 April 2007
Week 6-Wake up, Dad!
hey everyone, sorry to whoever is chair, but I created a new post cuz I'm keen to post my stuff ( seriously putting off sudying for exam)
ang.
ang.
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